Automobile Pollution

AUTOMOBILES

        Motor emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient for *smog in some large cities. A recent 2013 study by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States because of the vehicle emissions. According to the study of the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5000 people per year just in the United Kingdom.

*smog - smoke or other atmospheric pollutants combined with fog in an unhealthy or irritating mixture.

- Cold Engines
          During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:

1. Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines:
When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporise completely, creating higher emissions of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, which reduces only as the engine reaches operating temperature. 

The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including computer-controlled fuel injection, shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.

2. Inefficient Catalytic converter under cold conditions:
 Catalytic converters are very inefficient until up to their operating temperature. 

This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even moreso placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. 

Further improvements can be realised in many ways, including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.

sources: www.dictionary.com
               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas
               www.google.com (google images)

Climate change

climate change is an environmental problem that

 statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.Accordingly, fluctuations over periods shorter than a few decades, do not represent climate change.

The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels will affect.

 causes:

-solar radiation

-reflectivity of the continents and oceans

-continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

-melting of ice caps

-volcanic ash, forest fires

Effects:

-acid rain

-soot and smog

-flooding

-difference in sea level

-health problems

source: wikipedia.org

-INTRODUCTION-

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